Client Letter-acc568 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Letter-acc568 - Assignment Example Along these lines, the measure of all out expense paid for worldwide exchanges of companies relies upon the way reasonings and livelihoods are sourced in the nations where the exchanges are occurring. Notwithstanding, I will attempt to separate the U.S source rules for livelihoods and derivations. As you most likely are aware, the U.S government pays attention to these issues and I have each aim of tending to every one of your issues expertly (Yonah, 2007). As indicated by Dykes, with respect to tax assessment from source pay and reasonings, the U.S government receives a tax collection technique known as the overall methodology. As showed by the name, the methodology includes burdening the salary of the globalized partnership paying little heed to the wellspring of pay, regardless of whether the wellspring of the pay is remote based or privately situated in the U.S. Under this procedure, your organization will confront the taxation rate that privately based organizations are dependent upon (Dykes, 2011). In this way, your organization should dispense its worldwide capital on financial factors as opposed to burden contemplations. All things considered, your organization will advance worldwide productivity in association with capital portion. Tragically, the counsel your companion gave you is deceived, however don't surrender on the grounds that there are approaches to lessen the measure of expense that your organization will be at risk to the IRS. According to your solicitation, there are a couple of ways that your organization can alleviate charge sway structure the U.S with respect to pay sourced from remote countries One such technique is keeping dynamic salary from outside sources in seaward areas up to when your organization needs to repatriate the pay back to the U.S. Pay emerging from your outside based branch/tasks is just going to be burdened until it is repatriated by means of profit disseminations in your U.S based administrative centers. This is known as deferral charge. Also, the U.S permits organizations, for example, yours, a duty credit for

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Free Essays

string(110) construction will be concerned them †and despite the fact that they might be a thoughtful individual, she will most likely show prejudice. Piaget’s foundation Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was really not a therapist from the outset; he devoted his opportunity to mollusc look into. Truth be told, when he was 21 he’d effectively distributed twenty logical papers on them! He before long moved to Paris, and found a new line of work meeting mental patients. In a little while, he was working for Alfred Binet, and refining Burt’s thinking test. We will compose a custom article test on Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now During his time working at Binet’s lab, he examined the way that youngsters contemplated. Following two years of working with kids, Piaget at long last acknowledged what he needed to research †children’s improvement! He saw that offspring of a more youthful matured responded to questions subjectively unique in relation to those of a more established age. This proposed to him that more youthful kids were not less proficient, however furnished various responses since they thought in an unexpected way. He went through more than 10 years consummating his hypothesis, and it is broadly recognized as one of the most important formative speculations †particularly of it’s time. It’s no untruth that there are some new, perhaps progressively legitimate speculations now, yet Piaget’s hypothesis has affected schools, instructing and training everywhere throughout the world. In this way, let’s start investigating Piaget’s hypothesis, the key ideas and the stages. Hypotheses of intellectual turn of events: Jean Piaget. September 5, 2010 at 4:00 pm 49 remarks Our first long periods of life are a mind blowing, however hazardous excursion. A great many sperm passed on attempting to make us, and just one made it. From our excursion as an incipient organism to a hatchling †the size of a solitary cell to a completely estimated infant †we grow more than we will our whole lives. From birth until we’re a couple of years old, our advancement is still unfathomably quick; we have such a long way to go in such brief period! It is profitable to realize rapidly, that way we’re bound to make due in the brutal, unforgiving world. Piaget’s foundation Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was really not a clinician from the outset; he devoted his opportunity to mollusc examine. Actually, when he was 21 he’d effectively distributed twenty logical papers on them! He before long moved to Paris, and found a new line of work meeting mental patients. After a short time, he was working for Alfred Binet, and refining Burt’s thinking test. During his time working at Binet’s lab, he considered the way that youngsters contemplated. Following two years of working with youngsters, Piaget at last acknowledged what he needed to explore †children’s improvement! He saw that offspring of a more youthful matured addressed inquiries subjectively not the same as those of a more established age. This proposed to him that more youthful kids were not less learned, yet offered various responses since they thought in an unexpected way. He went through more than 10 years culminating his hypothesis, and it is generally recognized as one of the most important formative speculations †particularly of it’s time. It’s no untruth that there are some new, conceivably progressively legitimate hypotheses now, however Piaget’s hypothesis has impacted schools, instructing and training everywhere throughout the world. In this way, let’s start investigating Piaget’s hypothesis, the key ideas and the stages. Jean Piaget’s hypothesis of psychological turn of events. Foundation: Piaget’s hypothesis depends on stages, whereby each stage speaks to a subjectively unique sort of reasoning. Youngsters in stage one can't think equivalent to kids in stage 2, 3 or 4 and so on. Advances starting with one phase then onto the next are commonly quick, and the stages consistently follow an invariant arrangement. Another significant quality of his stage hypothesis is that they are all inclusive; the stages will work for everybody on the planet paying little heed to their disparities (with the exception of their age, obviously, which is the thing that the stages depend on! ) Piaget recognized that there is a communication between a kid and the earth, and this is a point of convergence for his hypothesis. He accepted a youngster can't learn except if they are continually interfacing with their condition, committing errors and afterward gaining from them. He characterized youngsters as â€Å"lone scientists†; he didn't distinguish any requirement for educators or grown-ups in subjective turn of events. Kids have all the subjective instruments to learn all alone, and the collaboration with their condition permits them to do as such. To place this in context, another hypothesis by Lev Vygotsky recommended that the cooperation isn't significant in any way; the youngster will realize when urged to with an adult’s help. The Key Concepts of Piaget’s hypothesis: Before clarifying the fundamental piece of Piaget’s hypothesis (the four phases), it’s critical to take a gander at a portion of the basic standards behind it. †¢Schema (pl. Schemata, albeit some state â€Å"Schemas† for the plural) Possibly one of the most significant ideas set forward by Piaget, Schemata assist people with understanding the world they possess. They are intellectual structures that speak to a specific part of the world, and can be viewed as classifications which have certain pre-imagined thoughts in them. For instance, my mapping for Christmas incorporates: Christmas trees, presents, giving, cash, green, red, gold, winter, Santa Claus and so forth. Another person may have a totally unique outline, for example, Jesus, birth, Church, occasion, Christianity and so forth. Obviously, there are schemata for a wide range of things †yourself (self schemata), others (individuals schemata), occasions/circumstances (occasion schemata) and jobs/occupations (job schemata). With respect to Piaget’s hypothesis, a youngster may have a pre-imagined blueprint for a canine. In the event that the family unit has a little West Highland White Terrier as a pooch, the diagram may be â€Å"small, fuzzy, four legs, white†. At the point when the kid interfaces with another canine †maybe a Labrador, it will change to join the new data, for example, â€Å"big, brilliant, smooth and so on † This is known as: †¢Assimilation Essentially the way toward joining new data into a previous construction. So with the â€Å"dog† model, the youngster absorbed the Labrador’s data into the old canine mapping. Absorption is basically fitting new data into schemata we as of now have set up. Shockingly, this can prompt generalizing. For instance, if an old woman sees an adolescent mug someone else, she may absorb â€Å"violence† or â€Å"crime† into her high school outline. Next time she sees a youngster, her diagram will be concerned them †and despite the fact that they might be a benevolent individual, she will most likely show preference. You read Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development in classification Exposition models Osmosis is ordinarily a straightforward procedure, as new data as of now fits the pre-exisiting classifications. †¢Accommodation When running over another item just because, a youngster will endeavor to apply an old composition to the article. For consistency, let’s utilize the pooch model once more. The youngster may have â€Å"four legs, furry† in their pooch blueprint. When going over another comparative creature, for example, a feline, they may state â€Å"Look, a canine! † †that’s absorption. Notwithstanding, when informed that it’s really a feline †not a canine †they will suit the new data into another pattern. They will presently shape a â€Å"cat† composition; â€Å"not every one of the four legged fuzzy creatures are hounds †some are felines as well! †. They have suited the new data. The procedure just referenced †of digestion then settlement is known as ††¢Adaptation Assimilation and convenience are the two pieces of adjustment †which is essentially what it says †adjusting our schemata to make an exact (enough) model of the world we live in. It is a type of learning, however a totally unique structure to the sort you’d find in behaviorist brain research for instance, (for example, operant/old style molding). †¢Equilibrium Piaget proposed that people normally endeavor to accomplish an intellectual equalization; there must be a harmony between applying earlier information (osmosis) and changing schemata to represent new data (settlement). Piaget proposed that when a youngster has a mapping which doesn’t fit reality, there is pressure in the psyche. By adjusting the utilization of absorption and convenience, this pressure is decreased and we can continue to more significant levels of thought and learning (equilibration). The accompanying stages structure the greater part of Piaget’s hypothesis: STAGE ONE: The Sensorimotor stage Occurs from birth to approx. a long time old. During this stage, data is gotten through all the faculties. The youngster attempts to understand the world during this stage, and as the name proposes, just faculties and engine capacities are utilized to do as such. The youngster uses inborn practices to improve this learning procedure, for example, sucking, looking, ge tting a handle on, crying and tuning in. To make this significantly increasingly mind boggling, there are 6 sub-phases of this one phase. To start, the youngster utilizes just reflexes and intrinsic conduct. Towards the finish of this stage, the kid utilizes a scope of complex sensorimotor aptitudes. The sub-stages are as per the following: 1. Reflexes (0-multi month): The kid utilizes just inborn reflexes. For instance, if an areola or sham is placed into a baby’s mouth, they will reflexively suck on it. On the off chance that an item is put in their palm, the hand will naturally snatch it. These reflexes have the sole capacity of keeping the youngster alive. 2. Essential Circular Actions (1-4 months): The kid currently has an obsession with it’s own body concerning behaviour(what Piaget alludes to as essential

Do You Stand Up for What You Truly Value

Do You Stand Up for What You Truly Value “My story is a freedom song of struggle. It is about finding ones purpose, how to overcome fear and to stand up for causes bigger than ones self.”  Coretta Scott KingDo you find it difficult standing up for what you truly value?Martin Luther King Jr. is not a stranger to you. History is full of his brave actions and the result of his courage is evident.But what if he was too afraid to speak against the unfair treatment of the African Americans?He was a minority in the sense that not many African Americans publicly spoke out.But for his wife Coretta Scott King to become a leader of the civil rights movement, that was something else.Coretta Scott King was first of all an African American, meaning a minority. But more than that, she was a woman.You would expect that she would be quietly keeping herself busy at home while men rallied the masses.She defied all odds and proved that what you believe is valuable enough to stand up for.This is regardless of your race, sex or even age.And if her husband’s stand is anything to go by, then your values are worth even dying for.“There are some things so dear, some things so precious, some things so eternally true, that they are worth dying for. And I submit to you that if a man has not discovered something that he will die for, he isn’t fit to live.”  Martin Luther King Jr.Many people get inspired by listening to Martin Luther King Jr. and admire his courage. Yet, they still don’t rise up to speak and act when necessary. They only wish they had the courage he did.A conflict of interest?Have you considered how many things are going wrong around you?Maybe your colleague is using his position to award tenders to his own supplies company. Or your friend is lying about the mileage of the car he’s selling to an unsuspecting customer?These and many other scenarios may cause great discomfort to you. But what do you do about them?In the first example, the colleague might be the one who suggested that you get promoted. He even helped you work on the project which determined your promotion.Moreover, he made you a co-director in his supplies company.In the second example, your friend who sells cars might have supported you financially when you didn’t have a job. He was also present to condole with you during the loss of one of your relatives.What is the right response in such situations?If you value integrity, these situations will trouble your conscience. You will be guilty of being an accomplice since you witnessed them. The only way out is to speak against the actions.But there seems to be so much at stake.Why you don’t stand up for your values?Just like your rights, your values can be easily violated. This however only happens when you allow it. Basic rights are enshrined in the law. They therefore get their protection from it.As for the things you value, the only defense they have is you.So why don’t you defend them?Here are four reasons why you prefer going along with what others say or do rather than your values.1. The fear of being rejected as a social being, you desire to be part of a community. At the core of this desire, is a natural need for association.You need to have friends with whom to share your life. Friends who will encourage you when you are in low spirits. The kind who will affirm you and urge you on towards your dreams. When a situation shows up and you realize there is potential for being rejected, you will likely stay quiet.With your brain wired to protect you, you will almost naturally want to stay away from trouble.2. The fear of being (mis)judged â€" no-one likes being judged, whether rightly or wrongly. And since judging leads to some form of rejection, it’s easy to see why you want to avoid it. Being judged means that you are wrong.To be seen as wrong can be difficult especially if you are low on self-confidence.3. Fear of being put down â€" your words describe your thoughts and open you up to scrutiny. When you say something which other s don’t agree with, they may decide to silence you.You may experience a lot of opposition. This can lead you to conclude that you would have been better off not saying what you said.If this happens in the midst of abusive people like bullies, you may decide never again to speak your mind.4. Fear of being the odd one out â€" you are definitely unique. Your uniqueness is a special gift to the world. This uniqueness needs to be expressed.If not, there is a risk of it being lost. This uniqueness will manifest through creative ideas, intelligent solutions, unique methods etc.When everyone seems to be thinking along the same lines, you wonder how come no-one is thinking like you. Instead of seeing the uniqueness of your ideas, you deem them wrong.Despite any strong convictions of their value, you still decide not to go against the grain.To someone with high self-confidence, these reasons don’t make sense.But if you’re low on self-confidence, these are just a small window into your w orld of worries and emotional instability.Not to worry though. This article will be of great value to you.There is someone on the inside of you yearning to break free from the bondage of fear.Desiring to express himself and utilize the gift he has in him.As you read this and see the need to be more confident, just step out in faith and do it.REASONS TO STAND UP FOR WHAT YOU VALUEIn failing to stand up for your values, you lose a lot, whether you are or are not aware of it. When you discover what you are losing, it will help you see the value of speaking up.You will be encouraged to raise your hand to offer a suggestion. You will look forward to speaking out against wrongdoing.And as you do that, you will see the benefits manifest in your life and want to do it even more.Here are some reasons why you should stand up for your values.Raises Your Self-ConfidenceThe biggest hindrance to standing up for your values is fear. This is what is behind a low self-esteem and confidence.The four fears mentioned above are the issues which need to be addressed.To do so, you need a good evaluation of who you are. You need to know your strengths and weaknesses.You need to understand how your strengths make you good and how your weaknesses mean you need others.Whereas you may be well aware of your weaknesses, your focus on them could be dwarfing your strengths. Like everyone else, you have great strengths.Even the most courageous of people have fears. They just developed ways of overcoming those fears.The same applies to you. When you overcome the fears holding you back, you will see your courage growing.Just think of joining the leagues of powerful public speakers. Imagine standing before thousands of people eager to listen to you because you have something worth listening to.Imagine your contribution to the society being appreciated because you were confident enough to speak. Source: Good FindingPeople aren’t necessarily born confident. Self-confidence is largely a learned trait.If you were not raised to develop it, you can do so now.In fact, it’s even better now because you know the benefits of being self-confident. You can therefore go for it with all your strength.Develops Self-RespectSelf-respect is another great trait worth developing. It is also closely related to self-confidence.When you respect yourself, you know the best thing to do and cannot allow anyone or anything to interfere.You know what exactly suits you well and what doesn’t. You know what works well for you in certain situations and what doesn’t.When it comes to making your values known, self-respect goes a long way in aiding the process.Think of someone promising you something. Would you trust someone who keeps his word or one who doesn’t?One of the things you will love someone for is his ability to keep his word. When he says something, he does it.That is integrity. If he te lls you that he values honesty, you expect him to be honest. And when he proves honest, you respect him for it.What happens during difficult moments?If he maintains his honesty, your respect for him increases.Now put yourself in his shoes.You have some values inside you. Somewhere inside you, you expect yourself to keep your word. You have said to yourself that you value honesty. What happens when a tricky situation arises?If you fail to keep your word, you condemn yourself. If you do, you feel good about yourself. You are proud of yourself and you respect yourself.You know that no matter what the situation is, you can count on yourself to make the right decision.That is self-respect.Develops IndependenceFew things can make you as confident as when you are independent.Not independent in the sense that you don’t need anyone since that will never be the case.But independence in the sense that you don’t need anyone to affirm you.When you stand for your values and it becomes natural for you, you become independent of others’ opinions. People will always speak, whether for or against you.But when you are used to doing what is right, you stop being bothered by other people’s opinions about you.Self-confidence brings about independence. In itself, independence is a sign of confidence. It also points you towards respect.Confident people are usually highly respected.They may not be the most intelligent people in the room. But the fact that they put their ideas on the line and contribute to the solution, they are counted as worthy of acknowledgment.For such people, whether you agree with them or not, it doesn’t bother them. You opinion isn’t what makes them.This is where you need to get to.The place where you are free and confident to do what you know is right. Where you can speak what is right.Support what is right. And in the process, inspire others to do the same.HOW TO START STANDING UP FOR YOURSELFAdmittedly, the change is not one which will take place in a day. The reality is that the process is gradual.But there is an assurance that if you diligently do the below things, you will see yourself developing the necessary confidence.Find Out What You Truly ValueYou cannot stand up for what you truly value if you don’t know what you value.Values are deeply held convictions. They are what define you in many ways. Your character is defined by your values. For example, if you love peace and unity in friendships, you may be very agreeable. If you love helping those who are in need, one of your character traits may be “caring.”So the first step is to find out what your values are. These are the things you will stand up for despite what the situation looks like.If you need help with this, just read how our article on values.Stop Thinking About What Others Think of YouThis might be the biggest hurdle in your quest to gain the confidence you seek. For that reason, you need to put in the work required. Though involving much effort, it wi ll prove worth it.This is more like training yourself to have a new mindset. You need to gradually remove the old thinking patterns and put in new ones.It is important that you understand from the onset that this is not a quick process. Anytime you experience some form of failure, just remind yourself that it is a process.Do not focus on those temporary failures. Just remind yourself that there is a reward beyond the finish line.The reason this might be a big problem is because it is what has kept you back for a long time.There are pathways in your mind which you follow before making decisions not to speak.These pathways have been so established that going through them is automatic. You now have to define new pathways.The simplest way of doing it is to simply ignore the voice which directs you towards these old thinking patterns.This voice makes suggestions to you and before you know it, your mind has run with the ideas presented.Here is a two-step method you can utilize to solve th is.1. Slow down your mental processes â€" this can sound counter-intuitive in this fast-paced world. It however holds the key to your freedom. Your mind has adapted to a fast-paced life and so it does things quickly so as to get to the next task.With such settings in your mind, there is little time to reason things clearly.Your mind overrules the request to verify some long-held beliefs since it doesn’t want to waste time.So, before you make a rational decision to speak, your mind has already moved on from there and is working on other things.When you slow your mind down, it realizes that there has to be some discussion before a decision is reached. You therefore welcome logic into the picture to argue against your emotions.In most cases, emotions trample logic during decision-making processes. But with some training, and in due time, logic can oversee the making of right decisions.2. Reduce your thoughts about other people this is meant to shed light into the fact that people ac tually don’t think much about you as you suppose. The truth is that people are focused on their lives. They are chasing their own dreams. They have their own issues to deal with.And life is moving far too fast for them to start thinking about others. Sure, there are those who might remind you of what you did last summer. They might even make fun of you. When you see that, just conclude one thing: they have no dreams to pursue.Anyone who is busy with his life has no time for small insignificant issues. And some may even be willing to help you with your challenges. So choose today to classify those putting you down as having nothing big to work on. Ignore them and focus on pursuing confidence.Act Even When AfraidDid you know that even the most courageous people experience fear? Source: Leadership RaccoonFear is a big enemy and it can paralyze you. But fear can also be tackled successfully. And one way of doing that is by doing the exact opposite of what it tells you to do.For example, you may be afraid of sharing a thought during a departmental meeting. Everyone else is giving suggestions and you see the weakness in implementing them.Despite the fear of speaking lest your idea gets rejected, just stop thinking about it and speak.“What if we do it this other way?” As everyone turns to look at you, continue with that stream of thoughts and explain your idea then let others digest it.Remember that you are unique. Take this as an opportunity to give a unique solution.Explain it as well as possible because you’re the one who understands your perspective. Whether the idea is embraced or not, you will notice something.You will have dealt fear a blow. It may not be a knockout punch but it will have made its mark.You will experience an excitement from the vict ory and this will be your new motivation. Just remember not to think about what others think about you.Celebrate Small Acts of CourageThat moment of breaking the ice of fear was an act of courage. Celebrate it.Sing your favorite song. Dance. Buy yourself some chocolate, ice-cream, watch a movie or whatever you prefer. Just celebrate the courage you displayed.Do not allow your inner critic to steal the show by telling you that it was too small a victory to celebrate.That small victory is a big one. You need to keep it in mind. Write it in your journal. This is what you will use as evidence that you can actually speak.You have just proven to yourself and your inner critic that when you have something valuable, you can talk about it. And you will keep doing it.Think of the BeneficiariesHave you ever done anything for a good cause?Anytime you help someone in need, you are acting to make the world a better place. This is not practiced by many people. But you always have the opportunity t o do so.Think of the homeless children in need of shelter. Think of the elderly with no-one to take care of them. If you value dignity and see it as something that every human needs, then you can stand up for it.Why?Because those who aren’t experiencing it often don’t have the ability to ask for it.They are the forgotten in the society. They are the voiceless since they have no wealth to influence with. They can’t buy advertising space on TV or the dailies.These are people who will never enjoy some of the basic things you enjoy. And no-one may ever speak up for them.If you are afraid of standing up for what you value, just think of the people who stand to benefit most when you speak.If you don’t speak now and make others see the sense in doing right, who will do it? And how long will it take before someone else comes along and does it?When you consider the voiceless and most neglected in the society, you will realize that you actually represent many people. You have the abil ity to influence some people to do better.Therefore, standing up for your values benefits many others. Just think about them.“The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. The true neighbor will risk his position, his prestige, and even his life for the welfare of others.” Martin Luther King Jr.CONCLUSIONStanding up for what you truly believe is a cycle which has to continue.Remember, especially as you start, that this is a process.The more you do it, the more natural it becomes. The more natural it is, the more you will do it without worrying about people’s opinions.And as your confidence is developed, you stand to experience the benefits that come with it.More than that, you also become an example for others. An inspiration for those who are yet to come out of their struggles.Who knows, you might even become a public speaker on this subject and help others by just sharing your story.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Psychosis - 985 Words

Typical and Atypical Medication The first major development in the treatment of psychosis was first generation antipsychotics, which is known as typical antipsychotics (Guzman Farinde, 2015). In essence, these medications are used to treat schizophrenia and other associated psychotic disorders. In additions, some of the medications of the first generation include Haldol, loxitane, orap, mellaril, navane, and trilafon to name a few. Furthermore, these antipsychotics are considered cheaper than the second-generation antipsychotics, which make them valuable when treating psychotic disorders. Lieberman, Stroup, MsEvoy, Swartz, Rosenheck, Perkins, and Hsiao (2005) describe the first generation as the best treatment for psychotic symptoms, because the dopamine receptors elevate similarity in antagonists. The second-generation antipsychotics are consider more effective when it involves serotonin blockers and construct different levels of blockade in dopamine (Preston, O’Neal, Talaga, 2013). In addition, seco nd-generation antipsychotics, which are also called atypical, are prescribe to clients, because they can tolerate them especially when they decrease certain side effects. Moreover, atypical medication decrease neuroanatomical changes lessen symptoms that are negative, and enhance cognition. Some of the second-generation medication includes ziprasidone, olanzapine, paliperdone, and clozapine. Severe Side Effects One side effect of second-generation medicationsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatments Of Early Onset Psychosis868 Words   |  4 PagesEarly onset psychosis is defined as psychotic symptoms within a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses, appearing in an individual before the age of 18 years old. 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Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreMental, Physical And Body Aspects896 Words   |  4 Pagesmental situation is psychosis. Apart from affecting the mental condition, it also affects the sensory and cognitive abilities. Psychosis is defined as a disorder that causes one to have experiences that are out of touch with reality. According to Von (2010), this is not a disease, but just a clear symptom of a mental illness. Psychotic people have a tendency to have untrue thoughts, or are deluded and they have hallucinations. Von (2010) goes on to explain that these symptoms are uniquely dividedRead MoreBenefits Of Psychosis And Drug Use1738 Words   |  7 PagesIt is with great importance that psychosis and drug use are looked at closely within the mental health setting and that strategies are put in to place to enable the recovery of affected persons. Amphetamine use in Australia has increased over the last decade, the use of these drugs can cause periods of acute psychosis and heighten preexisting symptoms (Burgess, Gin, Grant Whiteford 2011). When working in an acute setting and with clients experiencing psychosis it is important to use the environment

Employee Motivation - 2339 Words

Employee Motivation A question often asked by first-line supervisors and managers is â€Å"How do we motivate our employees?† Effectively motivating employees to achieve a desired outcome is one of the most important functions as a supervisor or manager. There is evidence to show organizations are facing challenges retaining employees due to limited opportunities for advancement and the current competitive labor market. It does not appear things will get any better in the future. The loss of employees represents a loss of skills, knowledge, and experiences and can create a significant economic impact and cost to corporations as well as impacting the needs of customers. Managers who can motivate employees assist the organization by†¦show more content†¦Secondly, employees should take the opportunity to open the communication lines with their manager by discussing the job, the goals, the expectations, and the rewards. Third, employees should realize it is necessary to work hard until t he outcomes are earned (Wang, 2004). Expectancy Employee work. The links between effort and performance (E-P) may involve issues as to whether the work is achievable and realistic, and is it interesting and challenging? If the link is severed, other things to consider are whether additional training or education may be needed. To help employees achieve this link, it is important for the supervisor or manager to provide reasonably challenging work by taking into consideration the person’s education, training, skill sets, and their level of experience, but it is also important to provide assignments that can stretch a person’s skills. However, it is important to be cautious and to avoid a challenge too extreme for the person; it could result in de-motivating them. It is important for management to use creative ways to find a balance by establishing attainable and manageable goals for the employee. By making the work valuable, there are rewards that come directly from the work to give employees an increased self-esteem and achievement (Quick, 1989). By making the work achievable, employees will be successful and prove they are able to do a good job. IfShow MoreRelatedThe Motivation And Employee Motivation1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe central problem that always employers and employees face is the employee motivation. The workers who put no effort to do their best in their jobs which will lead to low quality of work and give no benefit to the organization are the one who are not motivated (Amabile 1993). On the other side, employees who are apparently to be very intelligent, action oriented, ambitious, autonomous and always put an effort and sacrifice their time to put the organization at the ease are the one who feel motivatedRead MoreEmployee Motivation886 Words   |  4 PagesThis is a dissertation abstract on Employee Motivation: Why study motivation? To state it simple you need to know motivation to be a better leader to accomplish your business goals. Employees are like sheep you need to lead them to accomplish the mission. It is much easier to lead a group of individuals when they have a vested interest to accomplish it. You create that interest through motivation. The key to a successful organization in many ways is motivation. It is one of the most difficult tasksRead MoreEmployee Motivation 1164 Words   |  5 Pages Bauer and Erdrogen (2009) define motivation as â€Å"the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal–directed behavior† (p.97). McConnell (2006) argues that true motivation is self motivation. Today, health care organizations place a lot of emphasis on production and performance. However, motivating employees is a common challenge faced by health care managers and Bauer and Erdrogen (2009) state it is also one of the factors that greatly affect performance. McConnell (2006)Read MoreMotivation of Employee2476 Words   |  10 PagesMotivation of Employee People join and work in organization to satisfy their needs. They are fascinated to organizations that have the funds of rewarding their wants. These wealth are called â€Å"incentives (compensation, benefits)† (M. Maccoby, 9) of rewards; organizations use them to initiate people to contribute their efforts on the way to achieve organizational goals. The continued existence of an organization depends on its capability to attract and stimulate people to accomplish these individualRead MoreEmployee Motivation9463 Words   |  38 PagesInsights Into Employee Motivation, Commitment and Retention Barbara J. Kreisman Ph.D. Research/White Paper Insights Denver February, 2002 The Leadership Journey is a supervisory, management, and leadership training system consisting of 24 courses delivered on DVD, CD-ROM, VHS, and Online. Call 1-800-541-7872 or visit www.btedemo.com to preview courses. Page 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 W hy Employee Retention and Motivation Is Important†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Turbulence In The Work Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesour control and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in manyRead MoreMotivation And Efficiency Of Employee Motivation Essay2331 Words   |  10 PagesMotivation is defined as â€Å"the process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Robbins Judge, 2016, p. 126). It is a flat out need to keep employees motivated in the workplace and boost them to perform beyond expectations. In addressing what elements of employment result in both motivation and efficiency, this paper briefly sketches some of the theories of motivation applied in workforce and analyses how these theories are appliedRead MoreEmployee Motivation And Motivation Theory1878 Words   |  8 Pagesvaluable resources for companies and them could be competitive advantages for modern companies. It is important for modern companies to improve employee satisfaction and performance so that they can improve their organisational performance and competitiveness (Armstrong, 2006). As a result, Employee’s motivation management is significantly for companies. Motivation is a cognitive process to guide, initiate, direct and maintain goal-oriented activities. It can also be defined as the driving forces directingRead MoreMotivation Strategy For Employee Motivation Essay2082 Words   |  9 Pagesthe strength and weaknesses of at least two theories of motivation. With the rapid changes of modern business environment, the competition between organizations becomes more and more fierce. In order to be competitive enough to stand out from the rest, businesses try to enhance their competitiveness by improving different area in the management aspect. In addition to, as service sector has become the most dominant industry nowadays, employee?s performance become more crucial as it can directly affectRead MoreEmployee Motivation Essays1371 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Motivation What motivates employees today? This is an increasing concern to managers today because the definition of motivation is a very complex. One cannot actually define motivation but can give theories to better explain it. In this paper, I am going to talk about some of the major theories and factors that affect motivation at the job. The first theory is the two-factor theory which was suggested

Pop Culture in Todays Society Team Assigment Free Essays

Popular culture changes frequently and occurs exceptionally in place and time. It forms currents and represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in a various amount of ways. Today, we rarely see the representation of television shows that embrace settings that set positive images for our children today, it is more towards exploiting the fact that times have changed and so should we as people. We will write a custom essay sample on Pop Culture in Todays Society Team Assigment or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a time when families gathered together and listened to programs being broadcast over the radio. During this time, that was considered a special bonding family moment. Further more families at one time would allow their children to watch programs that created positive messages between each other. The physical connections among families have altogether been replaced by modern technology such as televisions, cell phones, and computers. The intimate relationship between Americans and their families has changed so that people do not indulge in an open conversation with each other; it has certainly been replaced by modern amenities. There was a time when programs such as The Brady Bunch, The Cosby Show, and The Partridge Family were number one hits with families of that particular generation, now those choices have been replaced by reality TV, what is now considered family shows, such as American Idol, Big Brother, and Survivor. Among other television shows, Bart Simpson of the Simpson’s and Stewie Griffin of Family Guy, which should be targeted as an adult program, surprisingly are viewed by American children. Most of what is known about the world comes from figurative rather than experienced reality, particularly in advanced media-saturated societies like the United States. Youth today tend to be more influenced by pop culture and are more likely to take information from media sources into their worldview than older people. Children and adolescents largely rely on popular culture rather than draw from symbolic reality to form their cognitive scripts. How to cite Pop Culture in Todays Society Team Assigment, Essay examples

Utopian SocietyThe utopian society in The Handmaid Essay Example For Students

Utopian SocietyThe utopian society in The Handmaid Essay s Tale by Margaret Atwood is very different from what most people would consider a utopian society. The power of this society rests upon a small percentage of the population. In this society, men are superior to the women. Women have virtually no rights or say in what goes on in their lives and women with rights are only a few. This society was created by a powerful few who were able to overthrow the government by killing the president and congress. These people then suspended everyones constitutional rights and used terror to stop anyone or group from threatening their control. Then they took control over women by stopping their rights to own property Women have little importance in this world except to serve men, have children, or educate new handmaids. We will write a custom essay on Utopian SocietyThe utopian society in The Handmaid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women are divided into different groups with certain women having more power than others. This book was written to show people what it is to be like when you are a citizen o!f a totalitarian government.Margaret Atwood created this world to show people a few reasons. She wanted to show how people might act if they had no rights and had everything taken away from them. This is obvious because the story is depicted through the eyes and mind of a handmaid, the person with the fewest amount of rights. The handmaids in the story were the first line of handmaids. Most of them had families, children, belongings, and rights before they were converted to handmaids. The book was also written to show people what their lives might be if a totalitarian government is in power. Unlike other totalitarian governments, religion is supported by the state. People who do not believe in the state endorsed religion are killed. Also, certain scientists and doctors are killed if they practice abortions or use certain medical procedures. Margaret Atwood is trying to show people that this type of government could be the next path in American society if things continue go the same way they are!going. I feel that the time before the revolution is not as bad as it was depicted. There are not mutant babies being born, nuclear meltdowns, or men having total control of women. I do not think that this society would be able to be instituted at this present time. In the twentieth century, so many people have struggled to receive fair treatment in America and I do not think that these people would sit around while their rights are being taken away from them. Also other countries probably would have stepped in so that a totalitarian government would not be instituted.Margaret Atwood had the novel end the way it did for a few reasons. First to show that this government did not succeed, like every other totalitarian government ever in existence. She also wanted to show how other countries responded to this new government. It also left you wondering what had happened to Offred and if she was able to escape out of the country.The Handmaids Tale is a novel trying to show the possibility and what a totalitarian government in America could be like. Only a few powerful people have rights. Women have the fewest amount of rights. Margaret Atwood is telling us that if society as a whole continues the way it is going, we are on a crash course to the type of society she has depicted. Personally, I feel that the society depicted could never happen in America and if it was instituted that the people would revolt and bring back a democratic government.

US Federal Government Gasoline Tax Since 1933

US Federal Government Gasoline Tax Since 1933 The gas tax was first imposed by the federal government in 1932 at a mere 1 cent per gallon. It has increased 10 times since President Herbert Hoover authorized the creation of such a tax to balance the budget. Drivers now pay 18.4 cents a gallon in the federal gas tax. Here are the gas tax rates per gallon through the years, according to U.S. Department of Transportation and Congressional Research Service reports: 1 cent - June 1932 through May 1933 Hoover authorized the first ever gas tax as a way to close an anticipated $2.1 billion federal deficit in the fiscal year 1932, a time of severe depression when the government saw revenue in steep decline. According to the Congressional Research Service report The Federal Excise Tax on Gasoline and the Highway Trust Fund: A Short History by Louis Alan Talley, the government raised $124.9 million from the gas tax in the fiscal year 1933, which represented 7.7 percent of the total Internal Revenue collection of $1.620 billion from all sources. 1.5 cents - June 1933 through December 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, signed by Hoover, extended the original gas tax and increased it to 1.5 cents. 1 cent - January 1934 through June 1940 The Revenue Act of 1934 rescinded the half-cent gas tax increase. 1.5 cents - July 1940 through October 1951 Congress raised the gas tax by half a cent in 1940, just before the United States entered World War II, to help boost national defense. It also made the gas tax permanent in 1941. 2 cents - November 1951 through June 1956 The Revenue Act of 1951 increased the gas tax to generate additional revenue after the Korean War began. 3 cents - July 1956 through September 1959 The Highway Revenue Act of 1956 established the federal Highway Trust Fund to pay for the construction of an Interstate System, Talley wrote, as well as financing primary, secondary and urban routes. The gas tax was hiked to help generate revenue for the projects. 4 cents - October 1959 through March 1983 The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1959 boosted the gas tax by 1 cent. 9 cents - April 1983 through December 1986 In the largest single gas tax increase, President Ronald Reagan authorized a 5 cent hike in the rate spelled out in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which helped to fund both highway construction and mass transit systems across the country. 9.1 cents - January 1987 through August 1990 The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 tacked on a tenth of a cent to help pay for repairing leaking underground storage tanks. 9 cents - September 1990 through November 1990 The Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund had reached its revenue goal for the year and the gas tax was reduced by a tenth of a cent. 14.1 cents - December 1990 through September 1993 President George H. W. Bushs signature on the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, which was designed to help close the federal budget deficit, increased the gas tax by 5 cents. Half of the new gas tax revenue went to the Highway Trust Fund and the other went to deficit reduction, according to the Transportation Department. 18.4 cents - October 1993 through December 1995 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, signed by President Bill Clinton, increased the gas tax by 4.3 cents to again reduce the federal deficit. None of the additional revenue was put into to the Highway Trust Fund, according to the Transportation Department. 18.3 cents - January 1996 through September 1997 The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, also signed by Clinton, redirected revenue from the 1993 gas tax increase of 4.3 cents to the Highway Trust Fund. The gas tax dropped a tenth of a cent because the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund expired. 18.4 cents - October 1997 through today A tenth of a cent was tacked back onto the gas tax because the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund was reinstated. Information on federal and state gasoline taxes, including the current federal and state gas tax rates, can be found on the website of the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Causes of the Russian Revolution Part 2

Causes of the Russian Revolution Part 2 Causes Part 1. Ineffective Government The ruling elites were still mostly land owning aristocracy, but some in the civil service were landless. The elites ran the state bureaucracy and sat above the normal population. Unlike other countries the elites and the landed depended on the tsar and had never formed a counter to him. Russia had a strict set of civil service ranks, with jobs, uniforms etc., where advancement was automatic. The bureaucracy was weak and failing, losing the experience and skills needed in the modern world, but refusing to let people with those skills in. The system was a vast overlapping chaos, full of confusion, tsarist divide and rule and petty jealousy. Laws overrode other laws, the tsar able to override all. To the outside it was arbitrary, archaic, incompetent and unfair. It stopped the bureaucracy from becoming professional, modern, efficient or as a counter to as medieval looking monarch.Russia had got like this by making a choice. An influx of professional civil servants produced the Great Re forms of the 1860s, to strengthen the state through western reform after the Crimean War. This included ‘freeing’ the serfs (of a sort) and in 1864 created zemstvos, local assemblies in many areas leading to a form of self-rule sandwiched between nobles, who resented it, and peasants, who often did too. The 1860s were liberal, reforming times. They could have led Russia towards the west. It would have been costly, difficult, prolonged, but the chance was there.However, the elites were divided on a response. Reformists accepted the rule of equal law, political freedom, a middle class and opportunities for the working class. Calls for a constitution led Alexander II to order a limited one. The rivals of this progress wanted the old order, and were made up of many in the military; they demanded autocracy, strict order, nobles and church as dominant forces (and the military of course). Then Alexander II was murdered, and his son shut it down. Counter reforms, to centralize control, and strength the personal rule of the tsar followed. Alexander II’s death is the start of the Russian tragedy of the twentieth century.    The 1860s meant Russia had people who had tasted reform, lost it and looked for†¦ revolution.Imperial government ran out below the eighty nine provincial capitals. Below that peasants ran it their own way, alien to the elites above. Localities were under governed and the old regime was not a hyper powerful all seeing oppression. Old government was absent and out of touch, with a small number of police, state officials, who were co-opted for more and more by the state as there wasn’t anything else (for instant checking roads). Russia had a small tax system, bad communications, small middle class, and a serfdom which ended with the landowner in charge still. Only very slowly was the Tsar’s government meeting the new civilians.Zemstvos, run by locals, became key. The state rested on landowning nobles, but they were in decline post emancipation, and used these small local committees to defend themselves against industrializing and state government. Up to 1905 this was a liberal movement pushing for safeguards and provincial society, e.g. peasant versus landowner, calling for more local power, a Russian parliament, a constitution. The provincial nobility were the early revolutionaries, not workers. Alienated Military The Russian military was full of tensions against the Tsar, despite it supposedly being the man’s biggest supporter. Firstly it kept losing (Crimea, Turkey, Japan) and this was blamed on the government: military expenditure declined. As industrialization was not as advanced in the west, so Russia became poorly trained, equipped and supplied in the new methods and lost. The soldiers and self-aware officers were being demoralized. Russian soldiers were sworn to the Tsar, not the state. History seeped into all aspects of the Russian court and they obsessed over little details like buttons, not fixing a feudal army lost in a modern world.Also, the army was being used more and more to support the provincial governors in suppressing revolts: despite the facts much of the lower ranks were peasants too. The army began to fracture over demand to stop civilians. That was before the condition of the army itself where people were seen as serfs, sub civilian slaves by officers. In 1917, ma ny soldiers wanted a reform of the army as much as of the government. Above them were a group of new professional military men who saw the faults through the system, from trench technique to supply of arms, and demanded effective reform. They saw the court and the tsar as stopping it. They turned to the Duma as an outlet, beginning a relationship which would change Russian in early 1917. The Tsar was losing the support of his talented men. An Out of Touch Church The Russians were involved in a foundation myth of being at one with and defending the Orthodox Church and orthodox Russia, which began at the very start of the state. In the 1900s this was stressed this over and over. The Tsar as political-religious figure was unlike anywhere in the west and he or she could damn with the church as well as destroy with laws. The church was vital for controlling the mostly illiterate peasants, and priests had to preach obedience to the Tsar and report objections to police and to state. They allied easily with the last two Tsars, who wanted a return to medieval times.But industrialization was pulling peasants into secular cities, where churches and priests lagged behind the vast growth. The church did not adapt to urban life and a growing number of priests called for reform of it all (and the state too). Liberal clergy realized reform of church only possible with a move away from the tsar. Socialism was what answered the workers new needs, not old Chri stianity. Peasants not exactly enamored of priests and their actions harked to a pagan time, and many priests were underpaid and grasping. A Politicized Civil Society By the 1890s, Russia had developed an educated, political culture among a group of people who were not yet numerous enough to truly be called a Middle Class, but who were forming between the aristocracy and the peasants / workers. This group were part of a ‘civil society’ which sent their youth to be students, read newspapers, and looked towards serving the public rather than the Tsar. Largely liberal, the events of a severe famine in the early 1890s both politicized and radicalized them, as their collective action outlined them to them both how ineffective the Tsarist government now was, and how much they could achieve if they were allowed to unite. The members of the zemstvo’s were chief among these. As the Tsar refused to meet their demands, so many of this social sphere turned against him and his government. Nationalism Nationalism came to Russia at the end of the nineteenth century and neither Tsars government nor liberal opposition could cope with it. It was the socialists who pushed regional independence, and socialist-nationalists who did best among the different nationalists. Some nationalists wanted to stay in the Russian empire but get greater power; the Tsar inflamed this by stamping on it and Russifying, turning cultural movements into fierce political opposition. Tsars had always Russified but it was now much worse Repression and Revolutionaries The Decembrist uprising of 1825 triggered a series of reactions in Tsar Nicholas I, including the creation of a police state. Censorship was combined with the ‘Third Section’, a group of investigators looking into acts and thoughts against the state, which could exile to Siberia suspects, not just convicted of any transgression, but just suspected of it. In 1881 the Third Section became the Okhranka, a secret police fighting a war using agents everywhere, even pretending to be revolutionaries. If you want to know how the Bolsheviks expanded their police state, the line started here.The revolutionaries of the period had been in harsh Tsarist prisons, hardened into extremism, the weak falling away. They started as intellectuals of Russia, a class of readers, thinkers and believers, and were turned into something colder and dark. These derived from the Decembrists of the 1820s, their first opponents and revolutionaries of the new order in Russia, and inspired intellectuals in succeeding generations. Rejected and attacked, they reacted by turning to violence and dreams of violent struggle. A study of terrorism in the twenty first century finds this pattern repeated. A warning was there. The fact that western ideas which had leaked into Russia ran into the new censorship meant they tended to be distorted into powerful dogma rather than argued into pieces like the rest. The revolutionaries looked to the people, who they were usually born above, as the ideal, and the state, who they reviled, with guilt driven anger. But the intellectuals had no real concept of peasants, just a dream of the people, an abstraction that led Lenin and company to authoritarianism.Calls for a small group of revolutionaries to seize power and create a revolutionary dictatorship to in turn create a socialist society (including removing enemies) were around far before the 1910s, and the 1860s were a golden age for such ideas; now they were violent and hateful. They didn’t have to choose Marxism. Many didn’t at first. Born in 1872, Marx’s Capital was cleared by their Russian censor as they though to too hard to understand to be dangerous, and about an industrial state Russia didn’t have. They were terribly wrong, and it was an instant hit, the fad of its day – the intelligentsia had just seen one popular movement fail, so they turned to Marx as a new hope. No more populism and peasants, but urban workers, closer and understandable. Marx seemed to be sensible, logical science, not dogma, modern and western.One young man, Lenin, was thrown into a new orbit, away from being a lawyer and into being a revolutionary, when his older brother was executed for terrorism. Lenin was drawn into rebellion and expelled from university. He was a fully blown revolutionary derived from other groups in Russia’s history already when he first encountered Marx, and he rewrote Marx for Russia, not the other way round.   Lenin accepted the ideas of the Russian Marxist leader Plekhanov, and they would recruit the urban workers by involving them in strikes for better rights. As ‘legal Marxists’ pushed a peaceful agenda, Lenin and others reacted with a commitment to revolution and creating a counter Tsarist party, strictly organised. They created the newspaper Iskra (the Spark) as a mouthpiece to command the members. The editors were the First Soviet of the Social Democratic Party, including Lenin. He wrote What Is To Be Done? (1902), a hectoring, violent work that set out the party. The Social Democrats split into two groups, the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, at the second Party Congress in 1903. Lenin’s dictatorial approach pushed the split. Lenin was a centraliser who distrusted the people to get it right, an anti-democrat, and he was a Bolshevik whereas the Mensheviks were prepared to work with the middle classes. World War 1 Was the Catalyst The First World War provided the catalyst for Russia’s revolutionary year of 1917. The war itself went badly from the start, prompting the Tsar to take personal charge in 1915, a decision which placed the full responsibility for the next years of failure on his shoulders. As demand for ever more soldiers increased, the peasant population grew angry as young men and horses, both essential for the war, were taken away, reducing the amount they could grow and damaging their standard of living. Russia’s most successful farms suddenly found their labour and material removed for the war, and the less successful peasants became ever more concerned with self-sufficiency, and even less concerned with selling a surplus, than ever before.Inflation occurred and prices rose, so hunger became endemic. In the cities, workers found themselves unable to afford the high prices, and any attempt to agitate for better wages, usually in the form of strikes, saw them branded as disloyal to Ru ssia, disaffecting them further. The transport system ground to a halt due to failures and poor management, halting the movement of military supplies and food. Meanwhile soldiers on leave explained how poorly supplied the army was, and bought first hand accounts of the failure at the front. These soldiers, and the high command who had previously supported the Tsar, now believed he had failed them.An increasingly desperate government turned to using the military to curb the strikers, causing mass protest and troop mutinies in the cities as soldiers refused to open fire. A revolution had begun.

IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITION ON SOCIETY Case Study

IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITION ON SOCIETY - Case Study Example Moreover, they must agree or make arrangements on to take care and supporting Joe while he is in a different physical location and state of health. These adjustments shall strain the family financially considering that Joe and the wife had retired two years ago. The autonomy needed for this case shall call for strong advocacy from all the involved parties so that both Joe and the family shall be accorded both emotional and final support they needed during this period. Chronic diseases are becoming part of the contemporary society; therefore, the society has introduced chronic care management. The chronic care management involves numerous education and oversight activities (Livius and Weichberger, 1932). These activities have been initiated within the health care professions to help improve the lives of persons suffering from chronic diseases and conditions. Some of the initiatives aim at motivating patients especially by directing them to seek necessary interventions and therapies towards achieving reasonable life or improve lifestyle as they wait to die. In most cases, multiple chronic diseases often coexist; thus, it is advisable for a chronic patient never to seek for fragment health care. Moreover, a patient, as Joe suspected for given chronic condition or illness must seek a proper and elaborate therapies and interventions for such medical conditions (Livius and Weichberger, 1932). Despite the introduction of medical care systems and policies of handling chronic diseases, such services are still too expensive for everyone to afford. However, the political leaderships are introducing health care laws that aim at making such treatment to all citizens. With these bills in place, people like Joe who have financial constrain will have some financial relief towards managing their medical

Learning Experience for Personal Trainer Certification Essay - 4

Learning Experience for Personal Trainer Certification - Essay Example etyl Glucosamine, N-Acetyl, L-Cysteine, Phosphatidyl, Choline Phosphatidyl Serine, Piperine, Policosanol, Resveratrol, RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), Rutin, SAMe, TMG (Trimethyl Glycine) Immunity Stimulating Blend: Aloe Vera, Polysaccharides, Beta 1,3-Glucan,Tea Polysaccharides, Herbal Extracts: Alfalfa Extract, Bacopa Extract, Bilberry Extract, Black Cumin Extract, Ginger Extract, Ginkgo Biloba Extract, Grape Seed Extract, Green Tea Extract, Myrrh Extract, Olive Leaf Extract, Pine Bark Extract, Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Extract, Turmeric Extract. Vitamins: Vitamin A (Palmitate/Beta Carotene), Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide),Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid), Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCL), Vitamin B12, Biotin, Folic Acid, Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid/Activated C), Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (d-a-tocopheryl Acetate), Vitamin K (Phytonadione). Macro and Micro Minerals: Calcium (Gluconate & Amino Acid Chelate), Chromium (Chloride), Copper (Sulfate), Magnesium (Aspertate), Manganese (Chloride), Potassium (Citrate), Selenium (Sodium Selenate), Silica (Horsetail (Equisetum Arvense) Extract), Zinc (Gluconate). While Xtend-life has several versions of its product to cater the different segments of market, second brand has positioned them for all-in-one as they claim to have all possible ingredient in their

Hierarchy HR Department Human Resource Management Commerce Essay

Hierarchy HR Department Human Resource Management Commerce Essay Human capital is the rarest resource of the company which cannot be imitated while every other resource or asset of the organization can be copied by the rivals due to the changing environment and emergence of technology. HR Is basically a support function which helps the other imperative functions in achieving their vision which cannot be achieved without the support of HR. Its a cost minimization and value creating source. HR successfully linked the lower management with the top management for the purpose of achieving goals and objectives. There is not a formula or certain procedure in human resource management, it varies from person to person and managers perceived it differently as everyone has his/her own strategies. In this report we have covered almost each and every aspect of human resource management. HR process starts with hiring of the effective employees and ends with the performance evaluation of the human resources. Goals of HR Department in UMA To recruit the most effective pool of candidates Motivate the employees so that performance of each employee can be strengthened Prevent and reduce the turnover rate. This is the most imperative job of HR because it helps the firm in achieving its goals Give rewards and benefits to the deserving candidates. Deserving candidates are identified by analyzing the performance appraisal. To give priority to the internal labor supply over the external one so that the motivation level and performance of workers could be enhanced Resolve the conflicts among the employees so that an impressive working environment could be developed. Develop HR related policies and code of conduct. HIRING There is not a fixed time period for hiring. Company hires the workers according to the need of the time the first and the most imperative step in the hiring process is recruitment. Recruitment is basically the process of generating effective pool of employees. The most famous and renown tool for recruitment is newspaper and internet in united marine agency. The firm believes that with the help of newspaper and internet you can generate a huge pool of candidates in a very limited time. Besides this there is another advantage of recruiting the candidates through newspaper and i.e. Image of the organization , as we all know that an immense ad in the newspaper can strongly influence the image of the company. Employee referral is also a tool used by the firm for the purpose of generating impressive pool of candidates. Employee referral is considered as the most trustworthy, reliable and effective tool because the employee are very much conscious in referring the candidates as this is the matter of their credibility as well as a result the most preferred and effective candidates are referred by the employees . Employee referral is not always positive. There are some negative aspects of employee referral as well because sometimes managers has to neglect or ignore the mistakes of certain employees just because of there sound reference . Internal Vs. External Labor Supply The firm believes that internal labor supply must be given preference over external labor supply. Consequently when an executive position is vacant, top management attempts to fill that vacancy by promoting a deserving employee. This helps the firm is following ways Reduce cost of hiring Hiring is the process of human resource management which involves a lot of cost and requires a massive time for the purpose of producing effectual pool of applicants but internal labor supply is that efficient tool which can certainly reduce the cost of hiring process for united marine agency, because via promoting and enriching the job responsibility of an productive employee you can reduce huge cost of the organization for sure. Internal employee is aware of the organization culture An internal employee is usually aware of the organization culture therefore he does not take much time in adjusting with the work environment Productivity increases When an internal deserving employee is promoted to an executive position, motivational level increases thus performance of the employee enhances which results in effective organization productivity. Emergency hiring In case of emergency hiring, the firm does not rely on the normal procedures of recruitment but they try to go for the speediest process and usually the process is decided by analyzing the situation intensely and implementing a process according to the situation. SELECTION Selecting the Candidates Process of selection varies job to job. Some job requires a test. Test is provided to the candidates who have been shortlisted through recruitment and the individuals who are able to clear the test are requested to appear in the interview. In majority of the cases, employee referral is used for the purpose of hiring personnel for executive position in UMA. And there are many reasons behind this. Generally an employee is aware of the kind of the individual required for a particular position because he knows the responsibilities of the vacant position and is pretty much aware of the nature of the job therefore he refer an individual who can efficiently perform the job activities and help the organization in achieving its goals and objectives. As Mr. Zeeshan stated that recently a sales manager was hired in UMA on the reference of general manager. The compensation package of that individual is very impressive and well-off according to MR Zeeshan but the general manager is very much satisfied with the compensation package of sales manager because according to him he has the ability of generating sales vigorously. SELECTION PROCESS Candidate is selected by following certain steps which include the test at the initial stage which is design to reduce the vigorous pool of candidates, later an interview is conducted by the HR manager once short listed by the HR manager, the candidates are asked to appear in the final interview conducted by the HOD of the particular department to get the dedicated employees. SELECTION CRITERIA UMA follows the following criteria in order to select effective employee for the firm Education Experience Confidence Soft skills Reference TRAINING Every company either SME or large corporations has a vigorous believe that human capital can build a strong position of company if efficiently and effectively utilized. UMA also strive in achieve the same goal. UMA strongly believe that training and development plays an important role in increasing revenues of the company either through cost reduction or increase in sales. Trainings in UMA are done on almost every level whether a telephone operation or a brand manager of a company, all are indulge in training. As per Mr. Zeeshan employees gets motivated when such sort of activities is done in the organization. Some training is the routine trainings which have to be given to each and every employee after certain time period. such as fire fighting, emergency exits drill and on the job trainings which is given to the new induction by the immediate boss only in the case if there is any technical work in the job description of the employee, Whereas other trainings are done as per the requirement of the job. TRAINING METHODS ON THE JOB TRAINING The frequently used training method is on the job training in UMA. Usually lead by the senior very next to the person who needs the training. Moreover other consulting companies are also outsources by the company in order to accumulate new skill in the employees. As per Mr. Zeeshan recently UMA has organized a 15 days training session for the sales support staff and telephone operator so that the company can build good relation with the customers and can provide the exact solutions of their queries. OFF THE JOB TRAINING Off the job training is rarely done by the company and is only provided to the executive class. These trainings include seminars and workshop which is conducted abroad mostly in Singapore and Dubai. Performance appraisal UMA does the employees performance appraisal on as annual bases. Performance appraisal is done by using multi methods in order to get accurate information for the employee and its achievements. UMA uses two performance appraisal methods at the same time, MBO and graphic rating scale. In every December before the increment of the employees performance appraisal form is distributed to the HODs of every department with the due date, and then it become the responsibility of HOD to evaluate the employee. Following are the questions that are included in the appraisal form of the employee List your achievements or tasks you have done or/and currently doing well. What are the facilitating and constraining factors in performing your work? Achievements of Previous Agree Targets any training required RATING SCALE 1 Unsatisfactory 2 Acceptable 3 Good 4 Excellent FACTORS Employee Evaluator 1 Quality of Work 2 To meet targets and deadlines Initiative 4 Attitude 5 Cooperation 6 Attendance 7 Communication Skill 8 Interpersonal Skill 9 Willingness to learn 10 Cost conscious 11 Development of subordinator REWARDS AND BENEFITS: every year increments is given on the bases of performance of the employees and is not influenced by personal liking or disliking If employee performance is not up to the mark they are considered for the training and development program in order to make them more effective in achieving the task assigned to them. Training is also given if the employee thinks they need it for the better understanding and execution of the task. Drawback of MBO and Rating Scale The biggest drawback of appraising the performance through MBO is employee stick to the particular objectives provided to them which limits their productivity, performance and creativity to a certain level Benefit of MBO The most impressive benefit of MBO is providing the employees with clear and specific objectives as a result employees are aware of the fact that what is required from them therefore employees put their best efforts for the purpose of matching those objectives as efficiently as they can PROMOTION UMA consider different factors in order to analyze the promotion of the employees. According to them they dont have any fixed time period to promote an employee. It totally depends on the traits personality and hard working of the employee. Recognizing the promotion UMA recognizes the need to promote employee by continuously observing the performance of the employee. The main focus of the company is on the goals and targets achieved by the employees then on the factors and lastly on the time duration. Even the Deputy Manager is promoted in 8 month of time period because of his achievements and fulfillment of the targets. Factors considered in promotion planning and organizing professionalism teamwork and leadership punctuality achieved targets attitude and behavior of other According to Mr. Zeeshan once an employee is promoted then they are not promoted until they develop their skills for the upper position. If the employee is about to get promoted and at that time he resigns, then as per the practices of the HR department they either promote the contingent employee or give dual responsibilities to other. COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS UMA provide great incentives and benefits to their employees. Other than their basic salary following are the incentives provided to the employees are based on their designations. Fuel Allowance Fuel allowance is given to the employees on the bases of their designation and work. Fuel allowance varies from 45 liters to 300 liters. As per the policy following is the ratio of giving fuel Bikes 45 liters Car (till 1000cc) 150 liters Car (till 1300cc) 250 liters Car (till 2400cc) 300 liters Mobile allowance Mobile allowance is also provided as per the designation of the employee Medical Insurance Every employee is covered with medical insurance which only includes hospitalization. In case of any mishap insurance company will pay all the expenses. Vehicle and its repair and maintenance Company provides the vehicle with the repair and maintenance to the employee as an incentives, but with the condition that car must remain clean all the time otherwise it would be taken back. Cars are inspected on daily bases Bonus Two bonuses are given to the employee in the period of one year other than the increment in the salary. One full salary is given on eid-ul-fitr and 70% is given on eid-ul-azha Retirement benefits The biggest benefit of retirement policy is that there is no age constraint in retirement an employee can work till the time he is capable of working in the organization. Gratuity is given to the employee which equal to the one salary for one year of service EOB pension is given to the employee Job rotation As mentioned before, employee is rotated to any other department or job if his/her performance is unsatisfactory. Most of the time managers also asked to their subordinates that whether they require a job rotation or not. Managers do this in order to enhance the employee motivation, performance and skills. TERMINATION In UMA, employees are not terminated on the basis of their performance because termination is not the solution of the problem. If the performance of the employee is not up to the mark, management attempt to transfer that individual to another department Termination is only occurred on the basis following cases Misconduct Or Misbehavior Misbehavior or misconduct of any employee is not tolerated in any case, which leads to straight termination Violation of HR policies or rules Each and every employee is requested to follow the HR rules and policies and if the employee is not following the rules and regulations, firm decided to terminate that individual Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is the case which leads to immediate termination Fraudulent For the purpose of alerting other employees, deceptive or fake individuals are terminated. ISSUES 360 degree of method of performance appraisal is ignored Do not have software for online recruitment At times, employee referral caused difficulties for the managers HR department of UMA is almost new. So the parameters of selecting new candidates are completely different as a result the performance of new induction varies from the old one which results in the organizational conflicts. SOLUTION The HR department is doing an impressive job but there are still some issues which need to be rectified as soon as possible. Following are the recommendations we suggested for the HR department of UMA 360 degree method of performance appraisal must be used. This is the most effective tool for the performance appraisal which is ignored by UMA because the performance of an individual must be evaluated by other colleagues as well Do not have software for online recruitment which is a hindrance in the hiring process. Software should be used for making the recruitment process more effective. Sometimes employee referrals cause problems for managers as they have to ignore the mistakes of the particular employee who has a strong reference. This issue can be resolved by providing the managers right to discipline the employee who is not performing well CONCLUSION By analyzing the whole HR process, we analyze that the HR department is doing an impressive job for United Marine Agency because the whole HR department consist of only five individuals who are managing more than 250 employees. Therefore we can state that HR department is doing a really efficient job. We all know that recruitment via newspaper or internet can generate very large pool of candidates. And we were really amazed by knowing the fact the whole task of recruitment is managed by only 5 individuals in the HR department. To fill the executive position through employee referral is a wise decision which helps the firm to hire effective individual and save the cost and time related to hiring process. The most impressive thing is their policy of not terminating any individual on the basis of his/her performance. By doing this, UMA proves that moral values and corporate social responsibility is an integral part of the organization. The process of job rotation is conducted by considering the opinions of the subordinates that whether they require job rotation or not. This helps the firm in enhancing high organizational performance by increasing the motivation level of employees. Different sort of incentives are provided to the employees in order to satisfy the workers and reduce the turnover rate Employee has to pass three interviews sometimes. This is also a good move because caliber of the candidate cannot be judged in a single interview only because organization has to make sure that it has selected the right candidate for the right job Two methods of performance appraisal are used by the firm which is MBO and rating scale. The purpose of using two methods is just to confirm that the performance is appraised appropriately.

Inflation Is Assumed

Inflation is assumed Chapter 1 True / False Questions 1. Inflation is assumed to be a temporary problem that does not affect financial decisions. FALSE 2. Financial Capital is composed of long-term plant and equipment, as well as other tangible investments. FALSE 3. Real Capital is composed of long-term plant and equipment. TRUE 4. During the 1930s, financial practice revolved around such topics as the preservation of capital, maintenance of liquidity, reorganization of financially troubled corporations and bankruptcy. TRUE 5. In the mid 1950s, finance began to change to a more analytical, decision-oriented approach.TRUE 6. Recently, the emphasis of financial management has been on the relationship between risk and return. TRUE 7. The most common partnership arrangement carries limited liability to the partners. FALSE 8. In terms of revenues and profits, the corporation is by far the most important form of business organization in the United States. TRUE 9. Dividends paid to corporat e stockholders have already been taxed once as corporate income. TRUE 10. One advantage of the corporate form of organization is that income received by stockholders is not taxable since the corporation already paid taxes on the income distributed.FALSE 11. A corporation must have more than 75 stockholders to qualify for Subchapter S designation. FALSE 12. Profits of a Subchapter S corporation are taxed at corporate tax rates. FALSE 13. Corporate governance issues have become less important to the financial community during the first decade of the new millennium. FALSE 14. Agency Theory examines the relationship between companies and their customers. FALSE 15. A major focus of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is to make sure that publicly traded companies accurately present their assets, liabilities and income in their financial statements.TRUE 16. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is primarily intended to increase public scrutiny of private companies that had previously been exempt from many public dis closure requirements. FALSE 17. Timing is not a particularly important consideration in financial decisions. FALSE 18. Maximizing the earnings of the firm is the goal of financial management. FALSE 19. Insider trading involves the use of information not available to the general public to make profits from trading in a company's stock. TRUE 20.Financial markets exist as a vast global network of individuals and financial institutions that may be lenders, borrowers, or owners of public companies worldwide. TRUE 21. Money markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities having a life of one year or less. TRUE 22. Money markets refer to markets where excess corporate cash is exchanged for foreign currencies that can earn a higher return than domestic money. FALSE 23. Capital markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities having a life of one year or less. FALSE 24. The primary market includes the sale of securities by way of initial public offerings.TR UE 25. High quality initial public offerings are usually sold in a primary market, such as the New York Stock Exchange. However, low-quality stocks must usually be sold in secondary markets, such as NASDAQ. FALSE 26. Although NASDAQ is a secondary market, some of the firms traded there, such as Microsoft, are large enough to move to the primary market if they so desire. FALSE 27. The secondary market characteristically has had stable prices over the past 20 years. FALSE 28. In the United States, stocks sold on either the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ are considered sold in the primary market.FALSE 29. New issues are sold in the secondary market. FALSE 30. Existing securities are traded in the secondary market. TRUE 31. Many companies have cross-listed their stock on multiple international stock exchanges and more than several hundred foreign companies have listed their shares on the New York Stock Exchange. TRUE 32. Financial management requires both short-term activities as wel l as long-term planning such as raising funds. TRUE Multiple Choice Questions 33. What is the primary goal of financial management? A. Increased earnings B. Maximizing cash flow C. Maximizing shareholder wealthD. Minimizing risk of the firm 34. In the past, the study of finance has included A. mergers and acquisitions. B. raising capital. C. bankruptcy. D. all of these. 35. Professor Merton Miller received the Nobel prize in economics for his work on   A. dividend policy. B. investment theory. C. working capital management. D. capital structure theory. 36. Professors Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe received their Nobel prize in economics for their contributions to the   A. options pricing model. B. theories of working capital management. C. theories of risk-return and portfolio theory. D. heories of international capital budgeting. 37. Proper risk-return management means that A. the firm should take as few risks as possible. B. the firm must determine an appropriate trade-off between risk and return. C. the firm should earn the highest return possible. D. the firm should value future profits more highly than current profits. 38. One of the major disadvantages of a sole proprietorship is   A. that there is unlimited liability to the owner. B. the simplicity of decision making. C. low organizational costs. D. low operating costs. 39. One of the major advantages of a sole proprietorship is   A. hat the owner has limited liability. B. that stock in the proprietorship can be easily transferred. C. that it is exempt from many tax rules that would otherwise apply when employees are hired by the firm. D. low operating costs. 40. The partnership form of an organization A. avoids the double taxation of earnings and dividends found in the corporate form of organization. B. usually provides limited liability to the partners. C. has unlimited life. D. simplifies decision making. 41. A corporation is A. owned by stockholders who enjoy the privilege of limited lia bility. B. easily divisible between owners.C. a separate legal entity with perpetual life. D. all of these. 42. With a Subchapter S corporation A. income is taxed as direct income to stockholders. B. stockholders have the same liability as members of a partnership. C. the number of stockholders is unlimited. D. life of the corporation is limited. 43. A Subchapter S corporation A. is similar to a partnership in that is carries unlimited liability. B. is a separate legal entity which is treated like a normal corporation. C. has all the organizational benefits of a corporation and its income is only taxed once. D. all of these. 44.Corporate governance is the A. relationship and exercise of oversight by the board of directors of the company. B. relationship between the chief financial officer and institutional investors. C. operation of a company by the chief executive officer (CEO) and other senior executives on the management team. D. governance of the company by the board of director s with a focus on social responsibility. 45. Many companies such as Tyco, Enron, and WorldCom that suffered financial distress in the late 1990s and early 2000s,   A. committed fraud. B. had failed corporate governance oversight. C. went bankrupt. D. ll of these are true. 46. Agency theory examines the relationship between the A. shareholders of the firm and the firm's investment banker. B. owners of the firm and the managers of the firm. C. board of directors and large institutional investors. D. shareholders and the firm's transfer agent. 47. Agency theory would imply that conflicts are more likely to occur between management and shareholders when   A. the company is owned and operated by the same person. B. management acts in the best interests of maximizing shareholder wealth. C. the chairman of the board is also the chief executive officer (CEO). D. he board of directors exerts strong and involved oversight of management. 48. Agency problems are least likely to arise in whi ch organizational form? A. sole proprietorship B. limited partnership C. corporation D. subchapter S corporation 49. Institutional investors are important in today's business world because   A. as large investors they have more say in how businesses are managed. B. they have a fiduciary responsibility to the workers and investors that they represent to see that the firms they own are managed in an ethical way. C. as a group they can vote large blocks of stock for the election of board members.D. all of these. 50. The increasing percentage ownership of public corporations by institutional investors has   A. had no effect on corporate management. B. created higher returns for the stock market in general. C. created more pressure on public companies to manage their firms more efficiently. D. taken away the voice of the individual investor. 51. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in an effort to A. protect small business from large corporations dominating the market. B. ensure that pa rtnerships divide profits among partners in a fair manner. C. guarantee outside auditors can control corporate accounting practices.D. control corrupt corporate behavior. 52. Maximization of shareholder wealth is a concept in which   A. increased earnings is of primary importance. B. profits are maximized on a quarterly basis. C. virtually all earnings are paid as dividends to common stockholders. D. optimally increasing the long-term value of the firm is emphasized. 53. Which of the following is not a true statement about the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth? A. It takes into account the timing of cash-flows. B. It is a short-run point of view which takes risk into account. C. It considers risk as a factor. D. None of these. 54.Insider trading occurs when A. someone has information not available to the public which they use to profit from trading in stocks. B. corporate officers buy stock in their company. C. lawyers, investment bankers, and others buy common stock in compan ies represented by their firms. D. any stock transactions occur in violation of the Federal Trade Commissions restrictions on monopolies. 55. The major difficulty in most insider-trading cases has been   A. that lenient judges have simply released the guilty individuals. B. that insider trading, even though illegal, actually serves a beneficial economic and financial purpose.C. that inside trades have not been legally well defined. D. inside trades actually have a beneficial effect on the wealth of all stockholders. 56. Money markets would include which of the following securities? A. common stock and corporate bonds. B. treasury bills and commercial paper. C. certificates of deposit and preferred stock. D. all of these. 57. Capital markets do not include which of the following securities:   A. common stock B. commercial paper C. government bonds D. preferred stock 58. When a corporation uses the financial markets to raise new funds, the sale of securities is made in the   A. rimary market. B. secondary market. C. on-line market. D. third market. 59. Corporate restructuring has been one result of more institutional ownership. Restructuring can cause   A. changes in the assets and liabilities of the firm. B. the sale of low-profit margin divisions. C. the removal of current management and/or large reductions in the workforce. D. all of these. 60. The internationalization of the financial markets has   A. allowed firms such as McDonalds to raise capital around the world. B. raised the cost of capital. C. forced companies to price everything in U. S. dollars. D. all of these. Chapter 2True / False Questions 61. The income statement is the major device for measuring the profitability of a firm over a period of time. TRUE 62. The income statement measures the increase in the assets of a firm over a period of time. FALSE 63. Operating profit is essentially a measure of how efficient management is in generating revenues and controlling expenses. TRUE 64. Ac counting income is based on verifiably completed transactions. TRUE 65. The P/E ratio is strongly related to the past performance of the firm. FALSE 66. When a firm has a sharp drop off in earnings, its P/E ratio may be artificially high. TRUE 67.The real value of a firm is the same from an economic and accounting perspective. FALSE 68. A balance sheet represents the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a company at a given point in time. TRUE 69. The investments account represents a commitment of funds of at least one year or more. TRUE 70. Asset accounts are listed in order of their liquidity. TRUE 71. Accumulated depreciation shows up in the income statement. FALSE 72. Total assets of a firm are financed with liabilities and stockholders equity. TRUE 73. Book value per share and market value per share are usually the same dollar amount. FALSE 74.Book value per share is of greater concern to the financial manager than market value per share. FALSE 75. Book value is equal to net worth. TRUE 76. Equity is a measure of the monetary contributions that have been made directly or indirectly on behalf of the owners of the company. TRUE 77. Stockholders' equity is equal to liabilities plus assets. FALSE 78. Retained earnings shown on the balance sheet represents available cash on hand generated from prior year's earnings but not paid out in dividends. FALSE 79. Retained earnings represent the firm's cumulative earnings since inception, minus dividends and other adjustments.TRUE 80. The statement of cash flows helps measure how the changes in a balance sheet were financed between two time periods. TRUE 81. Cash flow is equal to earnings before taxes minus depreciation. FALSE 82. An increase in an asset represents a source of funds. FALSE 83. Assume that two companies both have Net Income of $100,000. The firm with the highest depreciation expense will have the highest cash flow, assuming all other adjustments are equal. TRUE 84. An increase in inventory represe nts a source of funds. FALSE 85. An increase in a liability account represents a source of funds on the cash flow statement.TRUE 86. An increase in accounts receivable represents a reduction in cash flows from operations. TRUE 87. An increase in accounts payable represents a reduction in cash flows from operations. FALSE 88. The purchase of a new factory would reduce the cash flows from investing activities on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 89. The sale of corporate bonds held by the firm as a long-term investment would increase cash flows from investing activities on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 90. Paying dividends to common shareholders will not affect cash flows from financing activities. FALSE 91.The sale of a firm's securities is a source of funds, whereas the payment of dividends is a use of funds. TRUE 92. Depreciation is an accounting entry and does not involve a cash expense. TRUE 93. Free cash flow is equal to cash flow from operating activities minus necessary ca pital expenditures and normal dividend payments. TRUE 94. An increase in accounts receivable results in a cash inflow on the statement of cash flows. FALSE 95. A decrease in bonds payable results in a cash outflow on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 96. An increase in accrued expenses results in a cash outflow on the statement of cash flows.FALSE Multiple Choice Questions 97. Which of the following is not one of the three basic financial statements? A. Income Statement B. Statement of Retained Earnings C. Statement of Cash Flows D. Balance Sheet 98. Which of the following is not subtracted out in arriving at operating income? A. interest expense B. cost of goods sold C. depreciation D. selling and administrative expense 99. Increasing interest expense will have what effect on EBIT? A. increase it B. decrease it C. no effect D. not enough information to tell 100. The residual income of the firm belongs to A. creditors. B. preferred stockholders.C. common stockholders. D. bondholders . 101. Allen Lumber Company had earnings after taxes of $580,000 in the year 2006 with 400,000 shares outstanding on December 31, 2006. On January 1, 2007, the firm issued 35,000 new shares. Because of the proceeds from these new shares and other operating improvements, 2007 earnings after taxes were 25 percent higher than in 2006. Earnings per share for the year-end 2007 was   A. $1. 67 B. $1. 45 C. $1. 81 D. None of these 102. Consider the following information for Ball Corp. [pic] What is the Operating Profit for Ball Corp? A. $71,450 B. $90,000 C. 120,000 D. None of these 103. Candy Company had sales of $240,000 and cost of goods sold of $108,000. What is the gross profit margin (ratio of gross profit to sales)? A. 75% B. 55% C. 73. 3% D. None of these 104. Density Farms, Inc. had sales of $500,000, cost of goods sold of $180,000, selling and administrative expense of $70,000, and operating profit of $90,000. What was the value of depreciation expense? A. $170,000 B. $230,000 C. Less than $170,000 D. None of these 105. Elgin Battery Manufacturers had sales of $900,000 in 2006 and their cost of goods sold represented 65 percent of sales.Selling and administrative expenses were 9 percent of sales. Depreciation expense was $10,000 and interest expense for the year was $8,000. The firm's tax rate is 30 percent. What is the dollar amount of taxes paid? A. $151,200 B. $145,800 C. More than $151,800 D. None of these 106. A firm with earnings per share of $5 and a price-earnings ratio of 15 will have a stock price of   A. $20. 00 B. $75. 00 C. $3. 00 D. the market assigns a stock price independent of EPS and the P/E ratio. 107. Earnings per share is A. operating profit divided by number of shares outstanding. B. et income divided by number of shares outstanding. C. net income divided by stockholders' equity. D. net income minus preferred dividends divided by number of shares outstanding. 108. Reinvested funds from retained earnings theoretically belong to:   A. bond holders. B. common stockholders. C. employees. D. all of these. 109. The firm's price-earnings (P/E) ratio is influenced by its   A. capital structure. B. earnings volatility. C. sales, profit margins, and earnings. D. all of these. 110. Which of the following factors do not influence the firm's P/E ratio:   A. past earnings. B. shares outstanding.C. volatility in performance. D. none of these. 111. Which of the following would not be classified as a current asset? A. Marketable securities B. Investments C. Prepaid expenses D. Inventory 112. An item which may be converted to cash within one year or one operating cycle of the firm is classified as a   A. current liability. B. long-term asset. C. current asset. D. long-term liability. 113. Which of the following would not be included in the balance sheet investment account? A. stocks of other corporations B. long term government bonds C. marketable securities D. investments in other corporations 14. Which of the followi ng is not a primary source of capital to the firm? A. assets B. common stock C. preferred stock D. bonds 115. The major limitation of financial statements is A. in their complexity. B. in their lack of comparability. C. in their use of historical cost accounting. D. in their lack of detail. 116. Net worth is equal to stockholders' equity A. plus dividends. B. minus preferred stock. C. plus preferred stock. D. minus liabilities. 117. Book value is the same as A. stockholders' equity. B. fixed assets minus long-term debt. C. net worth. D. current assets minus current debt. 118.Total stockholders' equity consists of A. preferred stock and common stock. B. common stock and retained earnings. C. common stock and capital paid in excess of par. D. preferred stock, common stock, capital paid in excess of par and retained earnings. 119. The net worth of a firm A. is usually the same as the firm's market value. B. is based on current asset costs. C. is based on current liabilities. D. none of these. 120. The orientation of book value per share is __________, while the orientation of market value per share is ___________. A. short term, long term B. future, historical C. historical, future D. ong term, short term 121. A statement of cash flows allows a financial analyst to determine   A. whether a cash dividend is affordable. B. how increases in asset accounts have been financed. C. whether long-term assets are being financed with long-term or short-term financing. D. all of these. 122. A firm's purchase of plant and equipment would be considered a   A. use of cash for financing activities. B. use of cash for operating activities. C. source of cash for investment activities. D. use of cash for investment activities. 123. Depreciation is a source of cash inflow because A. it is a tax-deductible non-cash expense.B. it supplies cash for future asset purchases. C. it is a tax-deductible cash expense. D. it is a taxable expense. 124. Depreciation tends to A. increase cash flow and decrease income. B. decrease cash flow and increase income. C. affect only cash flow. D. affect only income. 125. Given the following, what is free cash flow? [pic] A. $115,000. B. $235,000. C. $185,000. D. $165,000. 126. Assuming a tax rate of 35%, depreciation expenses of $400,000 will   A. reduce income by $140,000. B. reduce taxes by $140,000. C. reduce taxes by $400,000. D. have no effect on income or taxes, since depreciation is not a cash expense. 27. Assuming a tax rate of 30%, the after-tax cost of interest expense of $200,000 is   A. $60,000 B. $140,000 C. $200,000 D. $120,000 128. Assuming a tax rate of 40%, the after-tax cost of a $200,000 dividend payment is   A. $200,000 B. $70,000 C. $130,000 D. none of these. 129. Farah Snack Co. has earnings after taxes of $128,750. Interest expense for the year was $20,000; preferred dividends paid were $18,750; and common dividends paid were $30,000. Taxes were $15,000. The firm has 100,000 shares of common stock o utstanding. Earnings per share on the common stock was   A. $0. 90 B. $1. 10 C. $0. 5 D. $0. 80 130. Gerry Co. has a gross profit of $880,000 and $360,000 in depreciation expense. Selling and administrative expense is $120,000. Given that the tax rate is 40 percent, compute the cash flow for Gerry Co. A. $456,000 B. $240,000 C. $600,000 D. None of these 131. Hoover Inc. has current assets of $360,000 and fixed assets of $640,000. Current liabilities are $90,000 and long-term liabilities are $160,000. There is $90,000 in preferred stock outstanding and the firm has issued 10,000 shares of common stock. Compute book value (net worth) per share   A. $84. 00 B. $66. 00 C. $75. 00D. None of these 132. The best indication of the operational efficiency of management is   A. net income. B. earnings per share. C. earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). D. gross profit. 133. A corporation can increase their earnings per share by   A. increasing tax-deductible expenses B. increasing Treasury stock C. decreasing depreciation D. decreasing retained earnings From End of the Chapter 2 Problems 5. Given the following information, prepare, in good form, an income statement for Goodman Software, Inc. Selling and administrative expense$ 50,000 Depreciation expense80,000 Sales400,000Interest expense30,000 Cost of goods sold150,000 Taxes18,550 2-5. Solution: Goodman Software, Inc. Sales$ 400,000 Cost of goods sold 150,000 Gross Profit250,000 Selling and administrative expense50,000 Depreciation expense 80,000 Operating profit120,000 Interest expense 30,000 Earnings before taxes90,000 Taxes 18,550 Earnings after taxes$ 71,450 6. Given the following information prepare in good form an income statement for the Kid Rock and Gravel Company. Selling and administrative expense$ 60,000 Depreciation expense70,000 Sales470,000 Interest expense40,000 Cost of goods sold140,000Taxes45,000 2-6. Solution: Kid Rock and Gravel Co. Income Statement Sales$ 470,000 Cost of goods sold$ 140, 000 Gross profit$ 330,000 Selling and administrative expense$ 60,000 Depreciation expense$ 70,000 Operating profit$ 200,000 Interest expense$ 40,000 Earnings before taxes$ 160,000 Taxes$ 45,000 Earnings after taxes$ 115,000 7. Prepare in good form an income statement for Virginia Slim Wear. Take your calculations all the way to computing earnings per share. Sales$600,000 Shares outstanding100,000 Cost of goods sold200,000 Interest expense30,000 Selling and administrative expense40,000Depreciation expense20,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Taxes100,000 2-7. Solution: Virginia Slim Wear Income Statement Sales$600,000 Cost of goods sold 200,000 Gross profit400,000 Selling and administrative expense40,000 Depreciation expense 20,000 Operating profit340,000 Interest expense 30,000 Earnings before taxes310,000 Taxes 100,000 Earnings after taxes210,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Earnings available to common stockholders130,000 Shares outstanding100,000 Earnings per share$ 1. 30 8. Prepare in good form an income statement for Franklin Kite Co. , Inc.Take your calculations all the way to computing earnings per share. Sales$900,000 Shares outstanding50,000 Cost of goods sold400,000 Interest expense40,000 Selling and administrative expense60,000 Depreciation expense20,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Taxes50,000 2-8. Solution: Franklin Kite Company Income Statement Sales$900,000 Cost of goods sold400,000 Gross profit500,000 Selling and administrative expense60,000 Depreciation expense20,000 Operating profit$420,000 Interest expense40,000 Earnings before taxes$380,000 Taxes50,000 Earnings after taxes$330,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000Earnings available to common stockholders250,000 Shares outstanding50,000 Earnings per share$5. 00 9. Lasar Technology, Inc. , had sales of $500,000, cost of goods sold of $180,000, selling and administrative expense of $70,000, and operating profit of $90,000. What was the value of depreciation expense? Set this problem up as a partial income statement, and determine depreciation expenses as the plug figure. 2-9. Solution: Lasar Technology, Inc. Sales$500,000 Cost of goods sold $180,000 Gross Profit$320,000 Selling and administrative expense70,000 Depreciation Expense (plug figure) 160,000Operating profit$ 90,000 10. The Ace Book Company sold 1,500 finance textbooks for $185 each to High Tuition University in 2008. These books cost Ace $145 to produce. Ace spent $10,000 (selling expense) to convince the university to buy its books. In addition, Ace borrowed $80,000 on January 1, 2008, on which the company paid 10 percent interest. Both interest and principal of the loan were paid on December 31, 2008. Ace’s tax rate is 25 percent. Depreciation expense for the year was $15,000. Did Ace Book Company make a profit in 2008? Please verify with an income statement presented in good form. -10. Solution: Ace Book Company Sales (1,500 books at $185 each)277,500 Cost of goods sold (1,500 books at $145 each ) 217,500 Gross Profit60,000 Selling expense10,000 Depreciation expense 15,000 Operating profit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35,000 Interest expense 8,000 Earnings before taxes27,000 Taxes @ 25% 6,750 Earnings after taxes20,250 11. Carr Auto Wholesalers had sales of $900,000 in 2004 and their cost of goods sold represented 65 percent of sales. Selling and administrative expenses were 9 percent of sales. Depreciation expense was $10,000 and interest expense for the year was $8,000.The  firm’s tax rate is 30 percent. a. Compute earnings after taxes. b. Assume the firm hires Ms. Hood, an efficiency expert, as a consultant. She suggests that by increasing selling and administrative expenses to 12 percent of sales, sales can be increased to $1,000,000. The extra sales effort will also reduce cost of goods sold to 60 percent of sales (there will be a larger markup in prices as a result of more aggressive selling). Depreciation expense will remain at $10,000. However, more automobiles will have t o be carried in inventory to satisfy customers, and interest expense will go up to $15,000.The firm’s tax rate will remain at 30 percent. Compute revised earnings after taxes based on Ms. Hood’s suggestions for Carr Auto Wholesalers. Will her ideas increase or decrease profitability? 2-11. Solution: Carr Auto Wholesalers Income Statement a. Sales$ 900,000 Cost of goods old (65% of sales) 585,000 Gross Profit$ 315,000 Selling and administrative expense (9% of sales) 81,000 Depreciation 10,000 Operating profit 224,000 Interest expense 8,000 Earnings before taxes 216,000 Taxes @ 30% 64,800 Earnings after taxes $ 151,200 2-11. (Continued) b. Sales $1,000,000Cost of goods sold (60% of sales) 600,000 Gross profit 400,000 Selling and administrative expense (12% of sales) 120,000 Depreciation 10,000 Operating profit 270,000 Interest expense 15,000 Earnings before taxes 255,000 Taxes @ 30% 76,500 Earnings after taxes$ 178,500 Ms. Hood’s ideas will increase profits. 15. E lite Trailer Parks has an operating profit or $200,000. Interest expense for the year was $10,000; preferred dividends paid were $18,750; and common dividends paid were $30,000. The tax was $61,250. The firm has 20,000 shares of common stock outstanding. . Calculate the earnings per share and the common dividends per share for Elite Trailer Parks. b. What was the increase in retained earnings for the year? 2-15. Solution: Elite Trailor Parks a. Operating profit (EBIT)$200,000 Interest expense 10,000 Earnings before taxes (EBT)$190,000 Taxes 61,250 Earnings after taxes (EAT)$128,750 Preferred dividends 18,750 Available to common stockholders$110,000 Common dividends 30,000 Increase in retained earnings$80,000 [pic] Dividends per Share = $30,000/20,000 shares = $1. 50 per share b. Increase in retained earnings = $80,000 16.Johnson Alarm Systems had $800,000 of retained earnings on December 31, 2008. The company paid common dividends of $60,000 in 2008 and had retained earnings of $640 ,000 on December 31, 2007. How much did Johnson earn during 2008, and what would earnings per share be if 50,000 shares of common stock were outstanding? 2-16. Solution: Johnson Alarm Systems Retained earnings, December 31, 2008$800,000 Less: Retained earnings, December 31, 2007 640,000 Change in retained earnings$160,000 Add: Common stock dividends 60,000 Earnings available to common stockholders$220,000 Earnings per share [pic] 17.Mozart Music Co. had earnings after taxes of $560,000 in 2008 with 200,000 shares of stock outstanding. The stock price was $58. 80. In 2009, earnings after taxes increased to $650,000 with the same 200,000 shares outstanding. The stock price was $78. 00 a. Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2008. The P/E ratio equals the stock price divided by earnings per share. b. Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2009. c. Give a general explanation of why the P/E changed. 2-17. Solution: Mozart Music Co. a. EPS (2008)[pic] = $2. 80 P/E Ra tio (2008)= Price/EPS =[pic] = 21X b. EPS (2009)[pic] = $3. 5 P/E Ratio (2009)= Price/EPS=[pic]= 24X c. The stock price increased by 34% while EPS only increased 16. 1%. 20. Nova Electrics anticipated cash flow from operating activities of $6 million in 2008. It will need to spend $1. 2 million on capital investments in order to remain competitive within the industry. Common stock dividends are projected at $. 4 million and preferred stock dividends at $. 55 million. a. What is the firm’s projected free cash flow for the year 2008? b. What does the concept of free cash flow represent? 2-20. Solution: Nova Electronics a. Cash flow from operations activities$6. 0 million – Capital Expenditures1. 20 – Common stock dividends. 40 – Preferred stock dividends . 55 Free cash flow$3. 85 million b. Free cash flow represents the funds that are available for special financial activities, such as a leveraged buyout, increased dividends, common stock repurchases, acqui sitions, or repayment of debt. 21. The Rogers Corporation has a gross profit of $880,000 and $360,000 in depreciation expense. The Evans Corporation also has $880,000 in gross profit, with $60,000 in depreciation expense. Selling and administrative expense is $120,000 for each company.Given that the tax rate is 40 percent, compute the cash flow for both companies. Explain the difference in cash flow between the two firms. 2-21. Solution: Rogers Corporation – Evans Corporation | |Rogers |Evans | |Gross profit |$880,000 |$880,000 | |Selling and adm. expense |120,000 |120,000 | |Depreciation |360,000 60,000 | |Operating profit |$400,000 |$700,000 | |Taxes (40%) |160,000 |280,000 | |Earnings after taxes |$240,000 |$420,000 | |Plus depreciation expense |$360,000 |$60,000 | |Cash Flow |$600,000 |$480,000 | | | |Rogers had $300,000 more in depreciation which provided $120,000 (0. 40 ( $300,000) more in cash flow. | | | 22. Horton Electronics has current assets of $320,000 and fi xed assets of $640,000. Current liabilities are $90,000 and long-term liabilities are $160,000. There is $90,000 in preferred stock outstanding and the firm has issued 40,000 shares of common stock. Compute book value (net worth) per share. 2-22. Solution: Horton Energy Company Current assets |$320,000 | |Fixed assets |640,000 | |Total assets |$960,000 | |–Current liabilities |90,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |160,000 | |Stockholders’ equity |$710,000 | |–Preferred stock obligation |90,000 | |Net worth assigned to common $620,000 | | | | |Common shares outstanding |40,000 | | | | |Book value (net worth) per share |$15. 50 | 23. The Holtzman Corporation has assets of $400,000, current liabilities of $50,000, and long-term liabilities of $100,000. There is $40,000 in preferred stock outstanding; 20,000 shares of common stock have been issued. a. Compute book value (net worth) per share. b. If there is $22,000 in earnings available to common stockholders a nd Holtzman’s stock has a P/E of 18 times earnings per share, what is the current price of the stock? c. What is the ratio of market value per share to book value per share? 2-23. Solution: Holtzman Corporation |a.Total assets |$400,000 | |–Current liabilities |50,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |100,000 | |–Stockholders’ equity |$250,000 | |–Preferred stock |40,000 | |Net worth assigned to common |$210,000 | |Common shares outstanding |20,000 | |Book values (net worth) per share |$10. 50 | |b. Earnings available to common |$22,000 | |Shares outstanding |20,000 | |Earnings per share |$1. 10 | | [pic] | |c.Market value per share (price) to book value per share $19. 80/$10. 50 = 1. 89 | 24. Bradley Gypsum Company has assets of $1,900,000, current liabilities of $700,000, and long-term liabilities of $580,000. There is $170,000 in preferred stock outstanding; 30,000 shares of common stock have been issued. a. Compute book value (net worth) per share. b. If there is $42,000 in earnings available to common stockholders and Bradley’s stock has a P/E of 15 times earnings per share, what is the current price of the stock? c. What is the ratio of market value per share to book value per share? 2-24. Solution: Bradley Gypsum Company |a.Total assets |$1,900,000 | |–Current liabilities |700,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |580,000 | |Stockholders’ equity |$ 620,000 | |–Preferred stock |170,000 | |Net worth assigned to common |$ 450,000 | |Common shares outstanding |30,000 | |Book values (net worth) per share |$ 15. 00 | |b. Earnings available to common | | |stockholders |$ 42,000 | |Shares outstanding |30,000 | |Earnings per share |$ 1. 40 | | [pic] | |c.Market value per share (price) to book value per share $21. 00/$15. 00 = 1. 40 | Chapter 14 True / False Questions 148. Capital markets consist of securities having maturities greater than one year. TRUE 149. The capital structure of the f irm consists of long-term debt and equity. TRUE 150. Capital markets are becoming increasingly international as investors and issuers seek out the best risk-return opportunities. TRUE 151. Upon entering the capital markets, an investor might invest in common stocks, preferred stock, negotiable certificates of deposit, and convertible securities. FALSE 152.In the last decade, the US has invested substantially more in foreign countries than foreign countries have invested back in the US. FALSE 153. Municipal securities are called tax exempt because no federal taxes must be paid on interest received. TRUE 154. The stock market far exceeds the bond market in terms of size of new capital raised. FALSE 155. The capital markets serve as a way of allocating available capital to the most efficient user. TRUE 156. The main reason for the small amount of financing with preferred stock is that dividends on preferred stock are not tax deductible as are interest paid on bonds. TRUE 157. Retained earnings account for the majority of internally generated corporate funds. FALSE 158.When an investor buys stock in the stock market, he is purchasing shares from a company. FALSE 159. Internal funds generated by corporations include retained earnings and non cash expenses such as depreciation and deferred taxes. TRUE 160. Households and the government are mainly considered to be suppliers of funds while corporations are generally considered users of funds. FALSE 161. Financial intermediaries channel funds into the capital markets from the household sector. TRUE 162. Brokers on an organized stock exchange act as an agent for the person buying or selling securities. TRUE 163. Brokers actually own the securities they buy and sell on the floor of the exchange. FALSE 164.The NASDAQ National Market is composed of large nation-wide companies that are traded in the over-the-counter market. TRUE 165. The strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that prices reflect all public in formation. FALSE 166. The efficient market hypothesis is generally concerned with the impact of information on the behavior of stock prices. TRUE 167. The weak form of the efficient market hypothesis states that an investor can profit by using past price data. FALSE 168. Markets are efficient when prices adjust rapidly to new information, continuous markets exist and large dollar trades can be absorbed without large price movements. TRUE 169.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 holds the CEO legally accountable for the accuracy of their firm's financial statements. TRUE 170. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 holds a firm's internal auditors legally accountable for the accuracy of their firm's financial statements. FALSE 171. The future of the NYSE is uncertain due to their unwillingness to adapt to the increase in internationalization and electronic trading in the markets. FALSE Multiple Choice Questions 172. Evidence of how global markets are linked was provided in 1997 and 1998 when intern ational markets reacted to   A. the collapse of Asian currencies in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Korea. B. Russia's default on its sovereign debt. C. Japan's seven years of economic stagnation.D. a and b are true. 173. When global capital markets collectively react to international events like Russia's default on its sovereign debt, it is common to find   A. that there is no impact on multinational companies' ability to raise capital. B. an impact on the ability to raise capital. C. that Wall Street firms are so diversified that they are not affected by this event. D. All of these are true. 174. Which of the following is not a money market instrument? A. Treasury bills B. Commercial paper C. Negotiable certificates of deposit D. Treasury bonds 175. Global capital markets are influenced by A. interest rates. B. investor confidence. C. elative economic growth. D. all of these. 176. Companies list their stock around the globe to A. capitalize on the inefficiency inherent in fo reign markets. B. increase liquidity for their stockholders. C. provide opportunities for the sale of new stock in foreign countries. D. b and c are correct. 177. Foreign investors have preferred to invest in the United States due to all but one of the following reasons:   A. less stringent regulation of securities markets. B. political stability of the U. S. government. C. the U. S. dollar is the world's international currency. D. all of these are reasons that foreign investors prefer to invest in the United States. 178.With respect to the United States and its relationship with the rest of the world, it can be said that   A. the U. S. has invested more dollars in the rest of the world than foreign countries have invested in the U. S. B. the U. S. has actively helped foreign countries finance their government deficits. C. foreign investors hold large positions in U. S. government securities. D. All of these. 179. Financial instruments in the capital markets generally fall under what category in the Balance Sheet? A. Short-term liabilities and equities. B. Long-term liabilities and equities. C. Near cash assets. D. None of these. 180. Corporations prefer bonds over preferred stock for financing their operations because   A. referred stocks require a dividend. B. bond interest rates change with the economy while stock dividends remain constant. C. the after-tax cost of debt is less than the cost of preferred stock. D. none of these. 181. Federally sponsored credit agencies include all but which of the following? A. Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) B. Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB) C. Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) D. Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) 182. Which of the following is an internal source of funds? A. Cash flow from depreciation (tax shield) B. Net loss C. Repurchase of debt securities D. Bank loan 183.The major supplier of funds for investment in the whole economy is   A. businesses. B. hous eholds. C. government. D. financial institutions. 184. Financial intermediaries serve which of the following purposes? A. Financial intermediaries allow for indirect investment in the capital markets by households. B. Aid in the flow of funds through the economy. C. Help provide allocation of funds to the best investments. D. All of these. 185. Which of the following are benefits of financial intermediaries? A. Increase market liquidity B. Provide a direct market for investors C. Act as agents of the government D. Only a and b 186. The purpose of secondary trading is to A. rovide liquidity and competition between investments. B. provide a market to issue securities not handled in primary trading. C. provide jobs for brokers and dealers. D. provide lower commissions than on the organized exchanges. 187. The most important capital markets in the world (in terms of dollar value) are located in   A. New York. B. London. C. Toronto. D. Tokyo. 188. Which Stock Exchange is known as the m ost liquid? A. NASDAQ B. AMEX C. CBOT D. NYSE 189. Middle to small size companies that are centered in one city or state would most likely be found on the   A. NASDAQ National Market. B. NASDAQ Small Cap Market. C. Supplemental list. D. New York Stock Exchange. 190.The emergence of trading via ECNs has A. offer a unique advantage not offered by the NYSE B. lowered the cost of trading. C. made trading more difficult for small investors. D. all of these are true. 191. Which of the following is not a criterion for an efficient market? A. Prices adjust rapidly to new information. B. Large dollar amounts of securities can be absorbed without price destabilization. C. Each successive trade is made at a price close to the previous trade. D. Computerized handling of transactions. 192. Security markets are efficient when each of the following exist except   A. security prices follow the leading indicators such as the DJIA very closely. B. he markets can absorb large dollar amounts of sto ck without destabilizing the price. C. prices adjust rapidly to new information. D. there is a continuous market where each successive trade is made at a price close to the previous trade. 193. The efficient market hypothesis deals primarily with   A. random speculation in securities. B. the degree to which prices adjust to new information. C. degrees to which price movements are the result of past trends. D. how an investor can significantly outperform the market in general. 194. The efficient market hypothesis has several forms. The weak form states that   A. past price data is unrelated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. ll information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 195. Security markets provide liquidity A. by allowing corporations to raise funds by selling new issues. B. by creating a market in which owners may easily turn an investment into cash through its sale. C. a and b are both correct. D. neither a nor b are correct. 196. The semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that   A. past price data is unrelated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. all information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 197. The strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that   A. ast price data is positively correlated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. all information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 198. Security markets are affected by all of the following except:   A. interest rates B. global crises C. book values of equity D. emotions 199. Financial intermediaries include all of the following except:   A. commercial banks B. life insurance companies C. corporations D. pension plans 200. The purposes of security legislation include all of the following except:   A. protect against fraud B. ensure market efficiency C. reduce insider trading D. provide a global competitive advantage